Shoulder pain caused by pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is quite common among athletes participating in throwing sports and those engaging in repetitive overhead activities. These include volleyball players, handball players, tennis players, swimmers, as well as CrossFit enthusiasts and gymnasts. Pathologies of the long head of the biceps tendon can be chronic, resulting from...

Shoulder pain is the third most commonly reported musculoskeletal dysfunction, and Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SIS) accounts for about half of all shoulder pain cases. It is a syndrome of pathologies located in the subacromial space involving the subacromial bursa and rotator cone tendons. Pain can occur both while performing daily activities and while sleeping, significantly reducing quality...

A clavicle fracture is a fairly common injury and accounts for about 5 percent of all fractures in adults. Very rarely, both clavicles are fractured. The injury usually occurs as a result of a fall on an upright arm, on which great pressure is exerted leading to a fracture of the bone or a direct fall on the shoulder. A broken clavicle can make it difficult to move the arm and is very painful, so it...

The structure of the shoulder joint, often referred to by patients as the shoulder joint, makes it the most mobile joint in our body. Its range of motion is not restricted by any bony structures but rather limited by the joint capsule, labrum, ligaments, and muscles. Consequently, it is susceptible to various undesired movements that can strain soft tissues and lead to injuries.

Shoulder arthroscopy is a type of surgical procedure that involves inserting an endoscope into the joint through a small incision. This allows visualization of the joint interior on a monitor for more accurate diagnosis and the execution of necessary therapeutic procedures. To facilitate this, additional incisions (usually two or three) are made to insert surgical instruments.

SLAP is an injury to the attachment of the long head of the biceps tendon to the glenoid and the superior part of the shoulder labrum. It most often occurs in athletes and individuals engaged in active sports. Several types of this injury are recognized.

Frozen Shoulder – also known as Adhesive Capsulitis (AC), can be a common cause of chronic shoulder pain. It affects approximately 2-5% of the population, predominantly women. Although it is a treatable condition, recovery takes a long time, significantly hindering daily activities. Moreover, some patients may experience this condition in the opposite shoulder, which can resolve spontaneously over a...

The rotator cuff, also known as the rotator ring, covers the anterior, posterior, and superior surfaces of the glenohumeral joint. It consists of the tendons of four shoulder girdle muscles: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor. Its main functions include stabilizing the humeral head within the joint, lifting the arm, and performing rotational movements in the joint.

A periradicular cyst of the shoulder joint is not a common condition; it usually occurs in athletes, including amateurs, who work with the shoulder elevated, such as those who perform throws or work out in the gym.

The shoulder's articular rim is a structure made up of ring-shaped fibrous cartilage tightly attached to the bony acetabulum. It deepens the acetabulum, so it contributes to the protection of the head of the humerus. The annulus and the joint cyst that attaches along the acetabulum play a key role in ensuring the stability of the joint. They protect it from the head slipping out of the acetabulum....

Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint, with a feeling of insecurity in the joint, is referred to as shoulder instability. It occurs most often after dislocation as a result of trauma, less often it occurs against a background of soft tissue flaccidity. The stability of the shoulder joint is influenced by a number of factors: the correct shape of the bone, the articular casing, the joint capsule...