Limb lengthening is a broad concept that encompasses cosmetic lengthening for individuals with short stature, limb lengthening with deformity correction, and lengthening to equalize limb length. The procedure can be performed in both children and adults.

Bow legs, or genu varum, are a characteristic deformity of the lower limbs where they form an "O" shape. When the legs are straightened and the ankles are touching, the knees remain apart and curve outward. Bow legs can be caused by certain medical conditions but are often painless and have a good prognosis for treatment.

The preluksation examination is one of the most important screenings that should be performed within the first weeks of a child’s life. It usually takes a few to several minutes and is painless as well as non-invasive for the infant.

Knee valgus is a condition in which the distal part of the limb is tilted to the side from the midline of the body. Then the lower limbs resemble the letter X, that is, the two knees meet, and there is a gap between the medial ankles. This distance under normal conditions should not exceed 5 cm. The mechanical axis then runs laterally from the center of the joint. A valgus greater than 10 degrees is...

Children and adolescents, especially boys during puberty and rapid growth, can develop heel pain, which is referred to as Haglund-Severa disease. It is a condition categorized as sterile necrosis. The pain is not the result of a single injury, and depends more on physical activity and strenuous training. However, this is not the rule, as heel pain also occurs in young people who have nothing to do...

The historical name for Osgood-Schlatter disease was sterile necrosis of the tibial tuberosity. We now know that it is an overload disease and not ischemic necrosis as previously thought. A common cause of knee pain in physically active adolescents is sometimes Osgood-Schlatter disease. This is an inflammation of the tibial tuberosity that progresses with local pain and swelling. The location of the...